Non-dipping blood pressure pattern in pediatricians during on-duty / Patrón no-dipper en la presión arterial de médicos pediatras durante las guardias presenciales

Introduction: People with a reduced nighttime dip in blood pressure have an increased cardiovascular risk. Our objective was to describe the different patterns in blood pressure (BP) among pediatricians who work in long on-duty shifts in relation with sex, medical rank and sleeping time. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional, two-center study. On duty pediatric Resident physicians and pediatric Consultants were recruited between January 2018 and December 2021. Results: Fifty-one physicians were included in the study (78.4% female, 66.7% Resident physicians). Resident physicians had a higher night/day ratio (0.91 vs 0.85; p<0.001) and a shorter nighttime period (3.87 vs 5.41, p<0.001) than Consultants. Physicians sleeping less than 5h had a higher night/day ratio (0.91 vs 0.87, p=0.014). Being a Resident showed a ∼4.5-fold increased risk of having a non-dipping BP pattern compared to Consultants. Conclusion: We found a potential link between both being a Resident and, probably, having shorter sleeping time, and the non-dipping BP pattern in physicians during prolonged shifts. (AU)

Introducción: Las personas con un descenso nocturno reducido de la presión arterial tienen mayor riesgo cardiovascular. Nuestro objetivo fue describir los diferentes patrones de presión arterial en los pediatras que trabajan de guardia con presencia física, en relación con el sexo, la categoría profesional y el tiempo de sueño. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, bicéntrico. Se reclutó a médicos residentes y adjuntos de pediatría, de guardia con presencia física, entre enero de 2018 y diciembre de 2021. Resultados: Fueron incluidos en el estudio 51 médicos (78,4% mujeres; 66,7% médicos residentes). Los médicos residentes presentaron un cociente de presión arterial noche/día mayor (0,91 vs. 0,85; p<0,001) y un tiempo de sueño menor (3,87 vs. 5,41; p<0,001) que los adjuntos. Los participantes que durmieron menos de 5horas presentaron un cociente de presión arterial noche/día mayor (0,91 vs. 0,87; p=0,014). Ser médico residente demostró tener aumentado el riesgo de presentar un patrón no dipper en más de 4,5 veces respecto a los médicos adjuntos. Conclusiones: Encontramos un vínculo potencial entre ser médico residente y, probablemente, tener menos horas de sueño, y el patrón de no descenso nocturno de la presión arterial en los médicos durante las guardias de presencia física. (AU)

Manejo del estado epiléptico en niños: encuesta en hospitales pediátricos de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires / Management of status epilepticus in childhood: a survey conducted at pediatric hospitals in the City of Buenos Aires

Introducción. El estado epiléptico constituye la emergencia neurológica más frecuente. Si bien la mortalidad en niños es baja, su morbilidad puede superar el 20 %. Objetivo. Conocer las pautas de manejo del estado epiléptico referidas por médicos pediatras que atienden esta patología en forma habitual. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo, transversal, basado en una encuesta a médicos de tres hospitales pediátricos monovalentes de gestión pública de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Resultados. Se administraron 292 encuestas (la tasa de respuesta completa alcanzó el 86 %); el 77 % se administró a pediatras y el 16 %, a especialistas en cuidados intensivos. Un 47 % de los participantes refiere indicar la primera benzodiacepina en el tiempo correcto; el 56 % utilizar diazepam intrarrectal en ausencia de un acceso intravenoso; el 95 % elige lorazepam como benzodiacepina inicial en caso de contar con acceso intravenoso; el 58 % refiere iniciar la etapa de fármacos de segunda línea en tiempo adecuado; el 84 % opta por fenitoína como fármaco inicial de segunda línea, un 33 % no cronometra el tiempo durante el tratamiento. La adherencia global a las recomendaciones internacionales fue del 17 %. Conclusiones. Nuestro estudio advierte una baja adherencia referida de los pediatras a las guías internacionales, en particular en las decisiones tiempo-dependientes. También se observó mayor heterogeneidad en las conductas terapéuticas a medida que se avanza en el algoritmo de tratamiento.

Introduction. Status epilepticus is the most common neurological emergency. Although mortality in children is low, morbidity may exceed 20%. Objective. To evaluate the management of status epilepticus by pediatricians who usually treat this condition. Population and methods. Descriptive, cross-sectional study based on a survey administered to physicians from 3 pediatric hospitals in the City of Buenos Aires. Results. A total of 292 surveys were administered (complete response rate as high as 86%); 77% were administered to pediatricians and 16% to intensive care specialists. Forty-seven percent of the participants reported that they administer the first dose of a benzodiazepine within the correct timeframe; 56% use intrarectal diazepam when intravenous access is not available; 95% choose lorazepam as the initial benzodiazepine if an intravenous access is available; 58% initiate the administration of a second-line drug within the correct timeframe; 84% administer phenytoin as the first-choice, second-line drug; and 33% do not measure treatment time. Overall adherence to international recommendations was 17%. Conclusions. Our study highlights poor adherence of pediatricians to international guidelines, particularly in time-dependent decisions. Greater heterogeneity was observed in treatment approaches as the treatment algorithm progressed.

Variaciones y diferentes percepciones en la suplementación con vitamina D en la edad pediátrica en España / Variations and different perceptions in vitamin D supplementation in paediatric age in Spain

Introducción: el raquitismo es un problema de salud a nivel global. La deficiencia de vitamina D se ha convertido en una pandemia, su interés ha aumentado por la implicación de la misma en múltiples acciones extraesqueléticas. Material y métodos: se realizó una encuesta a través de correo electrónico entre pediatras españoles para estudiar su actitud en relación con la suplementación profiláctica de vitamina D. Resultados: un 83% de los pediatras tienen políticas de profilaxis de vitamina D en su área. Un 61,6% inicia la profilaxis en las dos primeras semanas y un 81,5% la mantiene el primer año. Un 57,2% realiza una búsqueda de deficiencia de vitamina D, sobre todo si trabajan en medio hospitalario. Conclusiones: las políticas de profilaxis con vitamina D son bastantes uniformes. Más de la mitad de los pediatras españoles realizan una búsqueda sistemática mediante analítica de deficiencia de vitamina D en sus pacientes con factores de riesgo durante la infancia y adolescencia (AU)

Introduction: rickets is a global health problem. Vitamin D deficiency has become a pandemic, its interest has increased due to its implication in multiple extraskeletal actions.Material and methods: a survey was conducted by e-mail among spanish paediatricians to study their attitude regarding prophylactic vitamin D supplementation.Results: 83% of pediatricians have vitamin D prophylaxis policies in their area. 61.6% start prophylaxis in the first two weeks, 81.5% maintain it the first year. 57.2% search for vitamin D deficiency, especially if they work in a hospital.Conclusions: vitamin D prophylaxis policies are uniform. More than a half of Spanish pediatricians conduct a systematic search for vitamin D deficiency in their patients with risk factors during childhood and adolescence (AU)

Non-dipping blood pressure pattern in pediatricians during on-duty.

INTRODUCTION: People with a reduced nighttime dip in blood pressure have an increased cardiovascular risk. Our objective was to describe the different patterns in blood pressure (BP) among pediatricians who work in long on-duty shifts in relation with sex, medical rank and sleeping time. METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional, two-center study. On duty pediatric Resident physicians and pediatric Consultants were recruited between January 2018 and December 2021. RESULTS: Fifty-one physicians were included in the study (78.4% female, 66.7% Resident physicians). Resident physicians had a higher night/day ratio (0.91 vs 0.85; p<0.001) and a shorter nighttime period (3.87 vs 5.41, p<0.001) than Consultants. Physicians sleeping less than 5h had a higher night/day ratio (0.91 vs 0.87, p=0.014). Being a Resident showed a ∼4.5-fold increased risk of having a non-dipping BP pattern compared to Consultants. CONCLUSION: We found a potential link between both being a Resident and, probably, having shorter sleeping time, and the non-dipping BP pattern in physicians during prolonged shifts.

Why are pediatricians uncomfortable with prescribing emergency contraception for adolescents? / Por que os pediatras têm desconforto para prescrever contracepção de emergência para adolescentes?

Abstract Objective: Emergency contraception (EC) is an effective and safe method for preventing unplanned pregnancy after unprotected sexual intercourse among adolescents but is infrequently prescribed by pediatricians. Because of the scarcity of data on the discomfort with EC prescription among physicians in Brazil, this study aimed to identify associated factors with discomfort with EC prescription among pediatricians in the state of Amazonas. Methods: A web-based, cross-sectional study including sociodemographic data, knowledge, attitudes, and discomfort with EC prescription was used. Multivariate logistic regression and artificial intelligence methods such as decision tree and random forest analysis were used to identify factors associated with discomfort with EC prescriptions. Results: Among 151 physicians who responded to the survey, 53.0% were uncomfortable with prescribing EC, whereas only 33.1% had already prescribed it. Inexperience was significantly associated with discomfort with EC prescription (odds ratio 4.47, 95% confidence interval 1.71-11.66). Previous EC prescription was protective against discomfort with EC prescription in the three models. Conclusions: EC is still infrequently prescribed by pediatricians because of inexperience and misconceptions. Training these professionals needs to be implemented as part of public health policies to reduce unplanned adolescent pregnancy.

RESUMO Objetivo: A contracepção de emergência (CE) é um método eficaz e seguro para prevenir gravidez não planejada após relação sexual desprotegida entre adolescentes, mas raramente prescrito por pediatras. Diante da escassez de dados sobre o desconforto com a prescrição de CE entre médicos no Brasil, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar fatores associados a esse desconforto entre pediatras do estado do Amazonas. Métodos: Uma pesquisa do tipo e-survey coletou dados sociodemográficos, conhecimento, atitudes e desconforto com relação à prescrição de CE. Métodos de regressão logística multivariada e inteligência artificial, como árvore de decisão e random forest, foram usados para identificar fatores associados ao desconforto para a prescrição de CE. Resultados: Entre os 151 médicos que responderam à pesquisa, 53,0% sentiam-se desconfortáveis para prescrever CE e apenas 33,1% já a haviam prescrito. A inexperiência foi associada a esse desconforto (odds ratio — OR 4,47, intervalo de confiança — IC95% 1,71-11,66). A prescrição prévia de CE foi fator de proteção com relação ao desconforto nos três modelos. Conclusões: A CE ainda é pouco prescrita por pediatras. Apesar de sua segurança e eficácia, a inexperiência e conceitos equivocados foram associados ao desconforto para sua prescrição. Investigações sobre o assunto são importantes para subsidiar políticas públicas de saúde para a redução da gravidez não intencional na adolescência.

Dietas vegetarianas en niños: conocimientos de pediatras de la Sociedad Uruguaya de Pediatría: encuesta 2020 / Vegetarian diet in children: pediatric knowledge from the Uruguayan Society of Pediatrics: 2020 survey / Dietas vegetarianas em crianças: conhecimento dos pediatras da Sociedade Uruguaia de Pediatria: inquérito 2020

Introducción: en los últimos años el incremento de vegetarianos es considerable. Se debe tener cautela al incorporar este tipo de dietas en la población pediátrica. No son contempladas en las actuales guías de nutrición nacionales, generando incertidumbre al realizar recomendaciones. Objetivo: describir los conocimientos sobre dietas vegetarianas en niños por parte de médicos pediatras, posgrados y residentes socios de la Sociedad Uruguaya de Pediatría en el período de junio-setiembre 2020. Determinar la necesidad de incorporar dietas vegetarianas a las guías uruguayas de nutrición pediátrica por parte de los encuestados. Material y método: estudio observacional descriptivo, tipo encuesta transversal, en el período entre junio y setiembre de 2020. Los criterios de inclusión fueron médicos residentes/posgrados en pediatría y pediatras de la Sociedad Uruguaya de Pediatría, de Montevideo y el interior del país. La fuente de datos fue una encuesta online anónima. El análisis de datos fueron frecuencias relativas y absolutas para variables cualitativas. Resultados: se enviaron 1.080 encuestas online, de las que se incluyeron 119. Sobre la autopercepción en el conocimiento de los encuestados, el 58,0% se calificó dentro del rango medio. Acerca del concepto de dieta ovolactovegetariana, 63,9% seleccionó la opción correcta. Más de 50,0% respondió correctamente acerca de conocimientos sobre nutrientes en la mayoría de los ítems. Iniciar estas dietas en la alimentación complementaria fue desaconsejado por el 58% de los socios. Un 79,8% pretende adquirir más conocimientos del tema. Conclusiones: más de la mitad de los profesionales tiene los conocimientos correctos acerca de la correcta planificación y suplementación de dietas vegetarianas en niños. Se destaca la necesidad de incluir dietas vegetarianas en las guías de alimentación pediátrica en territorio uruguayo.

Introduction: the number of vegetarian people has increased considerably in recent years. Caution is suggested when incorporating this type of diet to the pediatric population. This diet has not been contemplated in the current national nutritional guidelines, generating uncertainty among pediatricians when making recommendations. Objective: describe the knowledge Pediatric Physicians and graduate / resident members of the Uruguayan Society of Pediatrics have regarding vegetarian diets in children during the period June-September 2020. Determine the need of the participants of the survey to incorporate vegetarian diet information into the Uruguayan Pediatric Nutritional Guidelines. Materials and methods: descriptive observational study, cross-sectional survey carried out from June to September 2020. The inclusion criteria included resident doctors / postgraduate pediatricians and pediatricians from the Uruguayan Society of Pediatrics of Montevideo and the interior of the country. The data source was an anonymous online survey. The data analyses were relative and absolute frequencies of qualitative variables. Results: 1.080 online surveys were sent and 119 were included. Regarding the respondents' self-perception of knowledge, 58.0% were rated within the medium range. Regarding the concept of lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet, 63.9% selected the correct option. Regarding knowledge about nutrients, we obtained more than 50.0% of correct answers in most of the items. Starting these diets as supplementary food was discouraged by 58% of the participants. 79.8% expressed the intention to acquire more knowledge regarding the subject. Conclusions: more than half of the professionals have the correct knowledge about the correct planning and supplementation of vegetarian diets in children. They stressed the need to include vegetarian diets in pediatric food guidelines in Uruguay.

Introdução: nos últimos anos, o aumento das pessoas vegetarianas tem sido considerável. Deve-se ter cuidado ao incorporar esse tipo de dieta na população pediátrica. Ela não está incluída nas atuais diretrizes nacionais de nutrição, gerando incerteza nos pediatras no momento de fazer recomendações. Objetivo: descrever o conhecimento sobre dietas vegetarianas em crianças dos Pediatras e pós-graduados/residentes da Sociedade Uruguaia de Pediatria no período de junho a setembro de 2020 para poder determinar a necessidade de incorporar dietas vegetarianas às diretrizes nutricionais pediátricas uruguaias. Material e métodos: estudo observacional descritivo, tipo de pesquisa transversal realizada no período de junho a setembro de 2020. Os critérios de inclusão foram médicos residentes/pós-graduados em pediatria e pediatras da Sociedade Uruguaia de Pediatria, Montevidéu e interior do país. A fonte de dados foi uma pesquisa on-line anônima sobre a necessidade de incorporar dietas vegetarianas às diretrizes uruguaias para nutrição pediátrica. As análises dos dados foram frequências relativas e absolutas de variáveis qualitativas. Resultados: 1.080 pesquisas online foram enviadas e 119 foram incluídas. Quanto à autopercepção de conhecimento dos entrevistados, 58,0% foram avaliados dentro da faixa média. Quanto ao conceito de dieta lacto-ovo-vegetariana, 63,9% selecionaram a opção correta. Quanto ao conhecimento sobre nutrientes, obtivemos mais de 50,0% das respostas corretas na maioria dos itens. O início dessas dietas como alimentos suplementares foi desencorajado por 58% dos participantes. 79,8% expressaram a intenção de adquirir mais conhecimento sobre o assunto. Conclusões: mais da metade dos profissionais têm o conhecimento correto sobre o planejamento correto e suplementação de dietas vegetarianas em crianças. Eles enfatizaram a necessidade de incluir dietas vegetarianas nas diretrizes de alimentos pediátricos no Uruguai.

Training, experience and need of booster courses in neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Survey to pediatricians.

INTRODUCTION: The resuscitation of the newborn in the delivery room requires high capacities and occurs frequently in an unexpected way. Many professionals trained in pediatrics as pediatric residents will work posteriorly in pediatric units with delivery rooms and will perform neonatal resuscitation only occasionally. Skills acquired in practice or resuscitation courses deteriorate over time. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive observational study through a survey to pediatricians trained in neonatology at a tertiary hospital in Madrid, and who completed their residency period between 2009 and 2016. Questions about their training in resuscitation and their usual work in the delivery room. RESULTS: Out of 179 surveys sent, 140 pediatricians (78,2%) answered it. 73.6% took a training course in neonatal resuscitation during the residency. There was a progressive increase in the number of residents who did the course during the study period. 74.3% have worked after residency in assistance at birth. 40.7% have taken a refresher course in neonatal resuscitation. CONCLUSIONS: Training in neonatal resuscitation has increased and been consolidated during the training process for pediatric residents. A high percentage of pediatricians work after residency in pediatric units with delivery rooms, less than half of these professionals having been recycled in neonatal resuscitation. Recycling and periodic training seem interesting options to improve the performance of these professionals in the delivery room.

Formación, experiencia y necesidad de reciclaje en reanimación neonatal. Encuesta a pediatras / Training, experience and need of booster courses in neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Survey to pediatricians

Introducción: La reanimación del recién nacido en sala de partos requiere altas capacidades y se produce con frecuencia de manera inesperada. Muchos profesionales formados en pediatría mediante el método de residencia trabajarán a posteriori en unidades pediátricas con paritorio y realizarán reanimación neonatal solo de forma ocasional. Las competencias adquiridas en la práctica o los cursos de reanimación se deterioran con el tiempo. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional a través de una encuesta a pediatras formados en Neonatología de un hospital terciario de Madrid y que finalizaron su residencia entre los años 2009 y 2016. Preguntas acerca de su formación en reanimación y su trabajo habitual en paritorio. Resultados: Ciento cuarenta pediatras contestaron la encuesta de 179 encuestas enviadas (78,2%). El 73,6% realizó un curso de formación en reanimación neonatal durante la residencia, objetivándose un incremento progresivo en el número de residentes que lo realizaron durante el período de estudio. El 74,3% ha trabajado tras la residencia en la asistencia al nacimiento. El 40,7% ha realizado algún curso de reciclaje en reanimación neonatal. Conclusiones: Ha aumentado y se ha consolidado la formación en reanimación neonatal durante el proceso de formación de residentes de Pediatría. Un alto porcentaje de pediatras trabajan tras la residencia en Unidades Pediátricas con paritorio, habiéndose reciclado menos de la mitad de esos profesionales en reanimación neonatal. El reciclaje y el entrenamiento periódico parecen opciones interesantes para mejorar la actuación de estos profesionales en sala de partos.(AU)

Introduction: the resuscitation of the newborn in the delivery room requires high capacities and occurs frequently in an unexpected way. Many professionals trained in pediatrics as pediatric residents will work posteriorly in pediatric units with delivery rooms and will perform neonatal resuscitation only occasionally. Skills acquired in practice or resuscitation courses deteriorate over time. Material and methods: descriptive observational study through a survey to pediatricians trained in neonatology at a tertiary hospital in Madrid, and who completed their residency period between 2009 and 2016. Questions about their training in resuscitation and their usual work in the delivery room. Results: Out of 179 surveys sent 140 pediatricians (78,2%) answered it. 73.6% took a training course in neonatal resuscitation during the residency. There was a progressive increase in the number of residents who did the course during the study period. 74.3% have worked after residency in assistance at birth. 40.7% have taken a refresher course in neonatal resuscitation. Conclusions: training in neonatal resuscitation has increased and been consolidated during the training process for pediatric residents. A high percentage of pediatricians work after the residency in pediatric units with delivery rooms, less than half of these professionals having been recycled in neonatal resuscitation. Recycling and periodic training seem interesting options to improve the performance of these professionals in the delivery room. (AU)

Manejo ambulatorio de la diarrea aguda infantil: encuesta a pediatras de un hospital pediátrico de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires / Outpatient management of childhood acute diarrhea: survey among pediatricians from a children's hospital in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires

Introducción. El tratamiento de la diarrea aguda se basa en prevenir la deshidratación, reducir la duración y gravedad de la enfermedad. El objetivo fue conocer los patrones de tratamiento ambulatorio de la diarrea aguda en <5 años. Métodos. Estudio observacional, analítico, mediante encuestas autoadministradas a pediatras de un hospital de niños de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Se indagó: edad, sexo, lugar de trabajo, fuentes bibliográficas, indicación de tratamientos farmacológicos, no farmacológicos y medidas de prevención e higiene. Se evaluó la asociación entre prescripciones farmacológicas y características de los encuestados. Resultados. Respondieron 182/216 pediatras; la edad media fue 42,4 ± 10,24 años (el 78,6 %, mujeres); el 59,2 %, del sector público; el 22,4 %, de servicios de guardia. El 91,2 % consultaba guías/consensos. El 92,9 % prescribió fórmulas de rehidratación oral; el 46,2 %, antieméticos; el 43,4 %, antiácidos y/o protectores gástricos; el 35,7 %, probióticos, y el 30,7 %, cinc. El 91,7 % indicó realimentación precoz; el 96,7 %, lactancia materna y el 96-100 %, medidas de prevención e higiene. En el análisis multivariado, tener >40 años se asoció con prescribir antiácidos/protectores gástricos (odds ratio [OR] 2,6; 1,22-5,61), probióticos (OR 3,03; 1,34-6,83) y cinc (OR 0,39; 0,17-0,87); trabajar en el sector privado con prescribir probióticos (OR 3,05; 1,56-5,94) y en servicios de guardia, con prescribir antiácidos/ protectores gástricos (OR 2,60; 1,22-5,54). Conclusiones. El tratamiento se basó principalmente en hidratación, alimentación precoz y lactancia. La edad y el lugar de desempeño de los pediatras modifican el patrón de prescripción.

Introduction. The management of acute diarrhea is based on preventing dehydration and reducing disease duration and severity. The study objective was to establish the patterns for the outpatient management of acute diarrhea in children younger than 5 years. Methods. Observational, analytical study using a self-administered survey among pediatricians from a children's hospital in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. Age, sex, place of work, bibliographic sources, indication of drug and non-drug therapies, and preventive and hygiene measures were recorded. The association between drug prescription and the characteristics of surveyed pediatricians was assessed. Results. In total, 182/216 pediatricians completed the survey. Their mean age was 42.4 ± 10.24 years; 78.6% were females; 59.2% worked in the public sector; 22.4% worked in the emergency department; and 91.2% consulted guidelines and/or consensuses. Also, 92.9% prescribed oral rehydration solutions; 46.2%, antiemetics; 43.4%, antacids and/or gastric protectors; 35.7%, probiotics; and 30.7%, zinc. Early food reintroduction was indicated by 91.7%; breastfeeding, by 96.7%; and preventive and hygiene measures, by 96-100%. The multivariate analysis showed an association between age > 40 years and prescribing antacids/ gastric protectors (odds ratio [OR]: 2.6; 1.22-5.61), probiotics (OR: 3.03; 1.34-6.83), and zinc (OR: 0.39; 0.17-0.87); between working in the private sector and prescribing probiotics (OR: 3.05; 1.565.94); and between working in the emergency department and prescribing antacids/gastric protectors (OR: 2.60; 1.22-5.54). Conclusions. Treatment was mainly based on hydration, early food reintroduction, and breastfeeding. Age and work sector affected the prescription pattern.

[Perceived needs regarding school health care]. / Necesidades percibidas sobre atención a la salud escolar.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Changes in infant morbidity require adaptations to preserve their proper development and academic performance. The objective of this study was to know the perceived needs of teachers, pediatricians and pediatric nurses regarding the training of schools to deal with emergences related to chronic pathology and accidents. METHOD: Cross-sectional study using an ad hoc validated questionnaire on digital support (Google Forms) that included sociodemographic variables and a structured survey that collected information on chronic pathology, health care and safety in case of emergency in the school. RESULTS: Data from 266 questionnaires (134 teachers, 132 pediatricians and pediatric nurses) were analyzed. 73.9% of the teachers stated that they have had students with chronic pathology during the last year and 45.5% confirmed the existence of protocols for their assistance, although 68.7% did not receive specific training for their care. 25% of pediatricians and nurses stated that the parents of children with chronic disease always notify the schools and 17.4% stated that they knew about the existence of specific protocols. 35.6% collaborated in training related to specific pathology or emergencies in schools, with a greater predominance of primary health care (P<.001). 50.7% of the pediatricians and 79.7% of the nurses stated as a medium-high priority the need to have a school nurse in the centers. CONCLUSIONS: The health care of students with chronic diseases in schools can be improved for teachers, pediatricians and pediatric nurses, considering the figure of school nurse as the main improvement measure.

Vacuna HPV: ¿la recomiendan los pediatras de diferentes prestadores de salud en Montevideo? / HPV vaccine: is it recommended by the pediatricians of the different health service providers in Montevideo? / Vacina HPV: é recomendada pelos pediatras dos diferentes prestadores de serviços de saúde de Montevidéu?

Resumen: Introducción: la infección por el virus de papiloma humano (HPV) es la infección de transmisión sexual más frecuente en el mundo, vinculándose a lesiones premalignas y cáncer de cuello uterino (CCU). En Uruguay es el tercer tipo de cáncer en frecuencia y la cuarta causa de mortalidad por cáncer en mujeres. Existen vacunas contra HPV seguras y eficaces. En Uruguay en 2013 se comenzó a administrar de forma gratuita la vacuna tetravalente (serotipos16,18,11y 6) para todas las adolescentes de 11 años y desde 2019 también a los varones de la misma franja etaria. La cobertura de la vacuna aún es baja. Objetivo: conocer la actitud de algunos pediatras de Montevideo frente a la indicación de la vacuna contra HPV. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal mediante encuesta anónima y autogestionada a pediatras de diferentes prestadores de salud: Casmu, Hospital Militar, Hospital Británico y Casa de Galicia, en agosto-setiembre de 2018. Resultados: total: 67 pediatras encuestados: 66 recomiendan la vacuna, 58 consideran que tiene información necesaria sobre la vacuna, 64 conocen las indicaciones y contraindicaciones, a 63 les gustaría contar con información oficial por parte del Ministerio de Salud Pública, 63 consideran que los pacientes no tienen información adecuada, 21 necesitan entre 15 -30 min para dar información y 65 piensa que puede influir en la postura de los padres frente a la vacuna. Conclusiones: los pediatras encuestados recomiendan la vacuna contra el HPV en sus consultas. La confianza en el médico y la necesidad de información son dos variables fundamentales sobre las que tenemos que seguir trabajando. Se necesita profundizar en éstos y otros aspectos que influyen negativamente en la decisión de los adolescentes y sus tutores, determinando una baja cobertura de vacunación.

Summary: Introduction: the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most frequent sexually transmitted disease globally, associated with pre malignant lesions and uterine cervical cancer. It is the third most frequent type of cancer in Uruguay and the fourth cause of death in women with cancer. There are safe and effective HPV vaccines. In 2013, Uruguay started administering the quadrivalent vaccine (serotypes 16, 18, 11 and 6), for free to all 11-year-old adolescent girls, and in 2019 to all adolescent boys of the same age. The HPV vaccine coverage is still low. Objective: to learn about the position of some pediatricians from Montevideo, Uruguay, regarding the HPV vaccine. Methodology: cross-sectional observational descriptive study, carried out through anonymous, self-administered surveys to some pediatricians from different health providers: Casmu, Armed Forces Hospital, British Hospital and Casa de Galicia, from August to September 2018. Results: total: 67 surveyed pediatricians, 66 recommend the vaccine, 58 believe that they have all the necessary information about the vaccine, 64 understand the indications and contraindications, 63 would like to have official information from the Ministry of Public Health, 63 think that patients do not have adequate information about the vaccine, 21 consider they need between 15 and 30 minutes to give information to patients about the vaccine and 65 think they can influence the parents' opinions regarding the use of the vaccine. Conclusions: the surveyed pediatricians recommend the HPV vaccine. We need to continue to research the issues of trust in doctors and the need for additional information, as well as other aspects, because they are a negative influence when adolescents and their tutors need to make decisions regarding the use of the vaccine, which results into low adherence.

Resumo: Introdução: a infecção pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV) é a infecção sexualmente transmissível mais comum no mundo, e está associada a lesões pré-malignas e câncer cervical (CCU). No Uruguai, é o terceiro tipo de câncer mais frequente e a quarta causa de mortalidade por câncer em mulheres. Existem vacinas contra o HPV seguras e eficazes. No Uruguai, em 2013, a vacina quadrivalente (sorotipos 16,18,11 e 6) começou a ser administrada gratuitamente a todas as adolescentes de 11 anos e, a partir de 2019, também a homens adolescentes da mesma faixa etária. A cobertura vacinal ainda é baixa. Objetivo: conhecer a opinião de alguns pediatras de Montevidéu quanto à indicação da vacina contra o HPV. Materiais e métodos: realizou-se um estudo descritivo, observacional e transversal por meio de um inquérito anônimo e autogerido com pediatras de diferentes prestadores de saúde: Casmu, Hospital Militar, Hospital Britânico e Casa de Galicia, de agosto a setembro de 2018. Resultados: total: 67 pediatras pesquisados: 66 recomendam a vacina, 58 consideram que possuem a informação necessária sobre a vacina, 64 conhecem as indicações e contraindicações, 63 gostariam de ter informação oficial do Ministério da Saúde Pública, 63 consideram que o os pacientes não possuem informação adequada, 21 acham que precisam de 15 a 30 minutos para fornecer informação aos pacientes e 65 acham que poderiam influenciar a posição dos pais em relação à vacina. Conclusões: os pediatras pesquisados recomendam a vacina contra o HPV em suas consultas. A confiança no médico e a necessidade de informação são duas variáveis fundamentais nas quais ainda devemos continuar trabalhando. É necessário aprofundar esses e outros aspectos que influenciam negativamente na decisão dos adolescentes e seus responsáveis, determinando uma baixa cobertura vacinal.

Pediatricians after residency: a survey of personal/professional data and issues / Pediatras após a residência médica: um questionário sobre dados e problemas pessoais/profissionais

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess personal, professional, medical, and scientific educational characteristics and issues reported by pediatricians. Methods: Cross-sectional study based on an online survey including 614 pediatricians who graduated in the last 15 years at a University Pediatric Department in Brazil. Results: The response rate was 331/614(54%). The majority were females (82%), the median age was 33 years (27-40) and median years of pediatric practice was 5 (1-13). High workload (>60 hours/week) occurred in 25% and 47% earned ≥15 minimum wages/month. The most work-related issues reported were long working hours, poor social life and a sedentary lifestyle (>50%). Pediatricians were further divided into two groups, according to years of pediatric clinical practice: group 1 (≤5 years) and group 2 (>5 years). The median of overall satisfaction with pediatric residency [8(0-10) vs. 9 (4-10); p=0.002] was significantly reduced in group 1. The frequencies of workload >60 hours, work on pediatric ward and pediatric intensive care were significantly higher in the first group (p<0.05). Regarding main issues related to clinical practice in the last year, long working hours (73 vs. 53%; p<0.001), poor social life (75 vs. 62%; p=0.018) and harassment (23 vs. 4%; p=0.003) were significantly higher in the first group. Conclusions: Very early career pediatricians (≤5 years) reported higher workload, lower income, work-related issues and different location of pediatric practice compared to early career pediatricians (>5 years). The overall satisfaction with pediatric residency was good, however, reduced in very early career pediatricians.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar características e problemas pessoais, profissionais, médicos e de educação científica reportados por pediatras. Métodos: Estudo transversal com base em uma pesquisa online, incluindo 614 pediatras formados nos últimos 15 anos no Departamento de Pediatria de uma universidade brasileira. Resultados: A taxa de resposta foi de 331/614 (54%). A maioria dos participantes era do sexo feminino (82%), a mediana de idade foi de 33 anos (27-40 anos) e a mediana de tempo de prática pediátrica foi de 5 anos (1-13). Jornada de trabalho elevada (>60 horas/semana) foi relatada por 25% dos entrevistados e 47% recebiam ≥15 salários mínimos/mês. Os problemas relacionados ao trabalho mais frequentes foram jornadas longas de trabalho, vida social insatisfatória e sedentarismo (>50%). Os pediatras foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com os anos de prática clínica pediátrica: grupo 1 (≤5 anos) e grupo 2 (>5 anos). A mediana de satisfação geral com a residência pediátrica [8 (0-10) versus 9 (4-10); p=0,002] foi significativamente menor no grupo 1. As frequências de jornada de trabalho >60 horas, trabalho na enfermaria pediátrica e na terapia intensiva pediátrica foram significativamente maiores no primeiro grupo (p<0,05). Quanto aos principais problemas relacionados à prática clínica no ano anterior, jornadas longas de trabalho (73 versus 53%; p<0,001), vida social insatisfatória (75 versus 62%; p=0,018) e assédio (23 versus 4%; p=0,003) foram significativamente mais elevados no grupo 1. Conclusões: Pediatras em início de carreira (≤5 anos) relataram maior jornada de trabalho, menor renda, problemas relacionados ao trabalho e diferentes locais de trabalho em comparação com pediatras mais experientes (>5 anos). A satisfação geral com a residência pediátrica foi boa, porém menor em pediatras do primeiro grupo.

Conocimientos, conductas y toma de decisiones de médicos pediatras sobre hipoacusia infantil en tres hospitales del Servicio de Salud Viña del Mar-Quillota

Resumen Introducción: Entre todas las dificultades sensoriales, la hipoacusia es la más prevalente a nivel mundial. Algunas de sus consecuencias incluyen dificultades de lenguaje, aprendizaje, conducta, peor desempeño académico y baja autoestima. La participación de médicos pediatras es clave en el seguimiento del desarrollo auditivo, lingüístico y comunicativo infantil. Objetivo: Conocer y describir el conocimiento sobre hipoacusia de pediatras del Servicio de Salud Viña del Mar-Quillota, Chile. Materiales y Método: Investigación transversal-descriptiva. Treinta y tres médicos de los servicios de Neonatología y Pediatría del Servicio de Salud Viña del Mar-Quillota completaron un cuestionario de evaluación de conocimientos generales y manejo de hipoacusia. Resultados: Los participantes reconocieron la importancia de su rol con respecto al seguimiento comunicativo infantil. Sin embargo, el 72% de los participantes reportó recibir formación sobre audiología e hipoacusia únicamente durante su formación de pregrado. Más del 50% de los participantes identificó correctamente todos los factores de riesgo de hipoacusia, demostrando así sus conocimientos sobre detección temprana. Se reportó la necesidad de mayores conocimientos sobre tipos y clasificaciones de hipoacusia, pruebas de evaluación y marco legal de la hipoacusia en Chile. Conclusión: La entrega de mayor información sobre hipoacusia a médicos pediatras, junto con oportunidades de formación continua al cursar la especialidad de pediatría y durante el ejercicio profesional es fundamental para la identificación y seguimiento adecuados de la hipoacusia. Estas medidas favorecerían la detección e intervención temprana de hipoacusia y reducirían potencialmente el impacto y las consecuencias en el desarrollo de niños y niñas con hipoacusia.

Abstract Introduction: Of all diagnosable sensory impairments, hearing loss (HL) has the highest prevalence worldwide. Consequences of HL include but are not limited to communication disability, language and learning disorders, behavioural difficulties, academic underachievement, and low self-esteem. Therefore, paediatrician involvement in ongoing care of paediatric HL is crucial for auditory, linguistic, and communicative aspects of childhood development. Aim: To understand and describe the knowledge about paediatric HL of paediatricians from the Viña del Mar-Quillota Health Service, Chile. Material and Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was employed. Thirty-three doctors from Neonatology and Paediatric Units from the Viña del Mar-Quillota Health Service completed a questionnaire exploring knowledge and behaviours regarding paediatric HL. Results: Participants acknowledged the importance of their role in the continuous care of paediatric HL. However, 72% of participants were provided with knowledge on paediatric HL only throughout their post-secondary education. Over 50% of participants identified all HL risk factors, demonstrating the acquisition of foundational knowledge of early HL detection. Gaps in knowledge identified by participants included types and classification of HL, types of assessments, and policies and procedures to guide treatment of paediatric HL in Chile. Conclusion: Provision of HL information to paediatricians, and ongoing professional development is vital to the decisions regarding ongoing care of paediatric HL. Potential outcomes of knowledge provision and ongoing professional development for paediatric residents and paediatricians may result in early HL detection and intervention of paediatric HL, potentially reducing the impact of associated developmental consequences for children with HL.

Compromising between European and US allergen immunotherapy schools: Discussions from GUIMIT, the Mexican immunotherapy guidelines.

BACKGROUND: Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has a longstanding history and still remains the only disease-changing treatment for allergic rhinitis and asthma. Over the years 2 different schools have developed their strategies: the United States (US) and the European. Allergen extracts available in these regions are adapted to local practice. In other parts of the world, extracts from both regions and local ones are commercialized, as in Mexico. Here, local experts developed a national AIT guideline (GUIMIT 2019) searching for compromises between both schools. METHODS: Using ADAPTE methodology for transculturizing guidelines and AGREE-II for evaluating guideline quality, GUIMIT selected 3 high-quality Main Reference Guidelines (MRGs): the European Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (EAACI) guideines, the S2k guideline of various German-speaking medical societies (2014), and the US Practice Parameters on Allergen Immunotherapy 2011. We formulated clinical questions and based responses on the fused evidence available in the MRGs, combined with local possibilities, patient's preference, and costs. We came across several issues on which the MRGs disagreed. These are presented here along with arguments of GUIMIT members to resolve them. GUIMIT (for a complete English version, Supplementary data) concluded the following. RESULTS: Related to the diagnosis of IgE-mediated respiratory allergy, apart from skin prick testing complementary tests (challenges, in vitro testing and molecular such as species-specific allergens) might be useful in selected cases to inform AIT composition. AIT is indicated in allergic rhinitis and suggested in allergic asthma (once controlled) and IgE-mediated atopic dermatitis. Concerning the correct subcutaneous AIT dose for compounding vials according to the US school: dosing tables and formula are given; up to 4 non-related allergens can be mixed, refraining from mixing high with low protease extracts. When using European extracts: the manufacturer's indications should be followed; in multi-allergic patients 2 simultaneous injections can be given (100% consensus); mixing is discouraged. In Mexico only allergoid tablets are available; based on doses used in all sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) publications referenced in MRGs, GUIMIT suggests a probable effective dose related to subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) might be: 50-200% of the monthly SCIT dose given daily, maximum mixing 4 allergens. Also, a table with practical suggestions on non-evidence-existing issues, developed with a simplified Delphi method, is added. Finally, dissemination and implementation of guidelines is briefly discussed, explaining how we used online tools for this in Mexico. CONCLUSIONS: Countries where European and American AIT extracts are available should adjust AIT according to which school is followed.

A propósito de la epidemia meningocóccica chilena (1941-1942): el niño con shock séptico hace 80 años desde la perspectiva médica y social / About the Chilean meningococcal epidemic (1941-1942): the children with septic shock 80 years ago from a medical and social perspective

Resumen: En nuestro país, la enfermedad meningocóccica presenta una baja endemia y alta letalidad, con exis tencia de brotes epidémicos, algunos de ellos de carácter histórico, como el acaecido durante la pri mera mitad del siglo pasado. La acción de un grupo de médicos, pioneros en los aspectos clínicos, de investigación y docencia, junto al personal de salud que constituía su equipo, inmersos en una política pública sanitaria exitosa, permitieron consolidar el cuidado necesario del niño enfermo de esta grave patología, como también de muchas otras, posibilitando así el desarrollo de una propuesta estructurada y científica a la luz del conocimiento disponible en aquella época. Por ello, luego de 80 años, es importante revisar los diversos aspectos clínicos, fisiopatológicos y terapéuticos, además del contexto hospitalario y social de esta exitosa historia del sistema de salud público chileno.

Abstract: In our country, meningococcal disease has a low endemic and high lethality, with epidemic out breaks; some of them of historical character, like the one happened during the first half of the last century. The action of a group of doctors, pioneers in clinical, research and teaching aspects, together with the health personnel that constituted their team, immersed in a successful public health policy, allowed to consolidate the necessary care of the sick child of this serious pathology, as well as many others, thus enabling the development of a structured and scientific proposal, in the light of the knowledge available at that time. Therefore, after 80 years, it is important to review the various clini cal, pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects, in addition to the hospital and social context, of this successful history of the Chilean public health system.

Dr. Antonio María Béguez César (1895-1975): fundador y maestro de la Sociedad Cubana de Pediatría de Santiago de Cuba / Dr. Antonio María Béguez César (1895-1975): founder and teacher of the Pediatrics Cuban Society in Santiago de Cuba

Con este artículo se buscó ampliar los datos biográficos del eminente científico cubano Antonio María Béguez César y divulgar aspectos poco conocidos de su prolífica existencia. Para ello se consultaron los archivos personales de la familia Béguez López y el índice de autores y materias del Boletín de la Sociedad Cubana de Pediatría y de la Revista Cubana de Pediatría, donde se consigna su bibliografía activa; además, se analizaron documentos de la época y se consideraron los testimonios de familiares, colegas y amigos del ilustre pediatra santiaguero. El trabajo forma parte del proyecto investigativo "Estrategia para incrementar la visibilidad del hallazgo científico del pediatra Dr. Antonio María Béguez César", que revela al descubridor de la "neutropenia crónica maligna familiar con granulaciones atípicas de los leucocitos", entidad clínica inscrita entre los diez hitos de la inmunología cubana, que ha sido erróneamente divulgada en el mundo científico-médico como síndrome de Chédiak-Higashi.

This work aimed at widen the biographical data of the eminent Cuban scientist Antonio María Béguez César and to spread not very well-known aspects of his prolific existence. The personal files of Béguez López family and the index of authors and matters of the Pediatrics Cuban Society Bulletin and the Pediatrics Cuban Magazine were consulted, where his active bibliography is consigned; also, documents of that time were analyzed and testimonies of family, colleagues and friends of the distinguished pediatrician from Santiago were considered. The work is part of the investigative project "Strategy to increase the visibility of the pediatrician Dr. Antonio María Béguez César scientific finding" that reveals the discoverer of "the family malignant chronic neutropenia with atypical granulations of the leukocytic cells", clinical entity inscribed among the ten landmarks of the Cuban immunology that has been erroneously spread in the scientific-medical world as Chediak-Higashi syndrome.

Una experiencia en la evaluación de competencias en la lectura de electrocardiogramas por parte de posgrados de Pediatría / Assessing pediatricians' ECG reading competencies / Avaliação das competências de interpretação de ECG dos pediatras

Resumen: Introducción: el electrocardiograma (ECG) es una prueba sencilla de realizar en atención primaria, de fácil acceso y bajo costo. Varios estudios que comparan la interpretación de la lectura del ECG de médicos de familia e internistas en relación con cardiológos muestran las dificultades en la interpretación de los mismos por parte de los primeros. No se encontraron estudios que realicen comparaciones con pediatras. Objetivo: valorar la competencia de dos posgrados de Pediatría para leer ECG, que reciben entrenamiento convencional previo. Material y método: previo al inicio del trabajo se realizó capacitación en lectura de ECG para los posgrados de Pediatría de forma de sistematizar la lectura de éste a cargo de un cardiólogo pediatra. Estudio transversal, prospectivo, doble ciego donde dos posgrados de Pediatría interpretaron los ECG y luego fueron evaluados por cardiólogo pediatra, sin ninguno conocer la interpretación de los demás, ni de quién era el trazado. Un investigador externo realizó la comparación de los estudios. Se solicitó autorización a la Dirección General y al Comité de Ética. La participación fue voluntaria, previo consentimiento informado. Población: se incluyeron todos los ECG de los niños entre 5-15 años que asistieron a la Jornada de evaluación predeportiva. Se realizó ECG de 12 derivaciones por técnico neumocardiólogo a todos los niños. Materiales: se utilizó una ficha precodificada para el registro de las variables. Se anotó: frecuencia cardíaca, ritmo, onda p, intervalo PR, eje eléctrico, QRS, QTc, onda T y segmento ST. Se consideró frecuencia cardíaca normal entre 60-110 lpm; intervalo PR 0,12-0,20 s, QTC valor normal entre 0,33-0,44seg. Resultados: se analizaron 209 ECG de niños y adolescentes. En la onda P, el ritmo y el eje eléctrico hubo una concordancia de 100%. El índice de concordancia superó el 73% en todas las variables, alcanzando una coincidencia del orden de 95%. Sin embargo, para frecuencia cardíaca y QRS, si bien el valor puntual de kappa puede considerarse aceptable, los límites inferiores de los intervalos de confianza están posicionados en valores inferiores a los aceptables.

Summary: Introduction: electrocardiograms (ECGs) are accessible, low cost tests, simple to perform at primary care level. Several studies have compared ECG readings made by family doctors and internists to those made by cardiologists and they have shown that the former have difficulties interpreting them. No studies were found that made such comparisons with pediatricians. Objective: assess the competence to read ECGs shown by pediatricians who had previously received conventional training. Material and methods: prior to the start of the study, a Pediatric Cardiologist trained Pediatricians to read and interpret ECGs in order to systematize the reading approach. Cross-sectional, prospective, double-blind study where two Pediatricians interpreted ECGs and were later assessed by a Pediatric Cardiologist. Pediatricians did not know the colleague's readings or whose ECGs they were interpreting. An external researcher compared them. Authorization was requested from the General Management Department and from the Ethics Committee. Participation was voluntary, and prior informed consent was obtained. The population included ECGs of children aged between 5-15 years of old who attended the Pre-Assessment Sports Day. A pneumologist-cardiologist performed ECGs on 12 children. Materials: A pre-coded file was used to record the variables: heart rate, rhythm, p wave, PR interval, electric axis, QRS, QTc, T wave and ST segment. 60-110 bpm was considered a normal heart rate; PR interval 0.12-0.20 sec, QTC normal value between 0.33-0.44 sec. Results: the study analyzed results of 209 children and adolescents' ECGs. There was 100% concordance between the rhythm and the electrical axis for the P wave. The concordance index exceeded 73% for all the variables and it reached a concordance of about 95%. However, for heart rate and QRS, although the Kappa point value can be considered acceptable, the confidence interval lower limits were lower than acceptable.

Resumo: Introdução: O eletrocardiograma (ECG) é um exame acessível, de baixo custo e simples de realizar no nível de atenção primária. Vários estudos compararam as leituras de eletrocardiograma realizadas por médicos de família e médicos de clínica geral com aquelas realizadas por cardiologistas e mostraram que os primeiros têm dificuldades em interpretá-las. Não encontramos estudos que fizessem tais comparações com pediatras. Objetivo: avaliar a competência para interpretar ECGs de dois pediatras que tinham recebido treinamento convencional. Material e métodos: Antes do início do estudo, um cardiologista pediátrico treinou pediatras para ler e interpretar ECGs, a fim de sistematizar a abordagem de interpretação. Estudo transversal, prospectivo, duplo-cego, em que dois pediatras interpretaram ECGs e posteriormente foram avaliados por um cardiologista pediátrico. Os pediatras não conheciam as leituras dos colegas ou a quem pertenciam os resultados dos ECGs. Um pesquisador externo os comparou. A Gerência Geral e o Comitê de Ética deram autorização para realizar o estudo. A participação foi voluntária, com consentimento prévio e informado. A população incluiu ECGs de crianças de entre 5 e 15 anos de idade que compareceram à Pré-Avaliação no Dia de Esportes. Um pneumologista-cardiologista realizou ECGs em 12 crianças. Materiais: Um arquivo pré-codificado foi utilizado para registrar as variáveis: frequência cardíaca, ritmo, onda P, intervalo PR, eixo elétrico, QRS, QTc, onda T e segmento ST. 60-110 bpm foi considerado uma frequência cardíaca normal; Intervalo PR 0,12-0,20 s, valor normal do QTC entre 0,33-0,44 s. Resultados: analisaram-se 209 eletrocardiogramas de crianças e adolescentes. Na onda P, o ritmo e o eixo elétrico atingiram 100% de concordância. O índice de concordância superou 73% em todas as variáveis atingindo uma concordância aproximada de 95%. No caso de frequência cardíaca e QRS, embora o valor de Kappa possa ser considerado aceitável, os limites inferiores dos intervalos de confiança estão posicionados em valores inferiores aos aceitáveis.

[Training, experience and need of booster courses in neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Survey to pediatricians]. / Formación, experiencia y necesidad de reciclaje en reanimación neonatal. Encuesta a pediatras.

INTRODUCTION: the resuscitation of the newborn in the delivery room requires high capacities and occurs frequently in an unexpected way. Many professionals trained in pediatrics as pediatric residents will work posteriorly in pediatric units with delivery rooms and will perform neonatal resuscitation only occasionally. Skills acquired in practice or resuscitation courses deteriorate over time. MATERIAL AND METHODS: descriptive observational study through a survey to pediatricians trained in neonatology at a tertiary hospital in Madrid, and who completed their residency period between 2009 and 2016. Questions about their training in resuscitation and their usual work in the delivery room. RESULTS: Out of 179 surveys sent 140 pediatricians (78,2%) answered it. 73.6% took a training course in neonatal resuscitation during the residency. There was a progressive increase in the number of residents who did the course during the study period. 74.3% have worked after residency in assistance at birth. 40.7% have taken a refresher course in neonatal resuscitation. CONCLUSIONS: training in neonatal resuscitation has increased and been consolidated during the training process for pediatric residents. A high percentage of pediatricians work after the residency in pediatric units with delivery rooms, less than half of these professionals having been recycled in neonatal resuscitation. Recycling and periodic training seem interesting options to improve the performance of these professionals in the delivery room.

Diez años de formación de especialistas en Pediatría en Asociación Española: principales logros y satisfacción de los profesionales / Ten years of specialist training in Pediatrics at the Asociación Española HMO: main achievements and satisfaction levels of pediatricians / Dez anos de formação de especialistas em Pediatria no Hospital Asociación Española: principais conquistas e satisfação dos profissionais

Resumen: Introducción: la formación de especialistas en Pediatría en Centros Docentes Asociados (CEDAS) acreditados por la Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Medicina, contribuye al proceso de descentralización de la enseñanza y a la mejora continua de la calidad asistencial. Objetivo: describir las características, avance curricular y nivel de satisfacción de los residentes en este CEDA, entre 2009 y 2019. Material y método: variables: edad, procedencia, estado civil, hijos, enfermedades crónicas, actividad laboral, aprobación de cursos y rotaciones, trabajos obligatorios, prueba final, presentaciones en congresos, publicaciones, extensión del régimen de residencia, subespecialidades. Las características y el avance curricular fueron obtenidos de los legajos. Para valorar nivel de satisfacción, se realizó una encuesta anónima, voluntaria, online. Resultados: durante este período se incorporaron 24 residentes, 17 finalizaron y 7 se encuentran cursando. En el grupo que finalizaron, la mediana de edad al inicio de la residencia fue 27 años, procedían del interior 5, estaban en concubinato estable 15 y tenian hijos 9. Obtuvieron el título de especialistas en pediatría 15 y 9 de ellos desempeñan cargos de alta dedicación. En el grupo que está cursando, la mediana de edad al inicio de la residencia es 26 años, todos proceden de Montevideo, están en concubinato estable 5, tiene hijos 1 y desarrollan actividad laboral extracurricular 6. Más del 70% de las respuestas en todas las dimensiones exploradas correspondieron a nivel de satisfacción alto. Conclusiones: la experiencia durante estos primeros diez años ha resultado positiva. Permitió la generación de recursos humanos genuinos, con altos índices de compromiso e identidad institucional, buen desempeño curricular y elevado nivel de satisfacción académico-laboral.

Summary: Introduction: training of specialists in Pediatrics accredited by the Graduate Medical School at Associated Training Centers (ATC) contributes to the decentralized training and continuous improvement process of quality of care. Objective: describe characteristics, academic progress and level of satisfaction of the residents at this ATC between 2009 and 2019. Materials and methods: variables: age, origin, marital status, number of children, chronic diseases, professional activities, number of courses passed, mandatory papers, final tests passed, research papers submitted to congresses, publications, residency period, sub-specialties. The characteristics and academic progress were obtained from files. The level of satisfaction was obtained from an anonymous voluntary online survey. Results: 24 residents were included during this period. 17 had finished curricular studies, 15 had obtained their degree, median age at the beginning of residency: 27 years, 5 were from the interior of the country, 15 had a stable partner, 9 had children and 9 had full-time positions at the institution. Regarding the present 7 residents, the median age at the beginning of residency: 26 years, all are from Montevideo, 5 have a stable partner, 1 has children and 6 have extracurricular activities. More than 70% of all responses assessed showed a high level of satisfaction. Conclusions: the experience of the last 10 years has been positive. It enabled the organization to obtain develop genuine highly committed human resources with institutional identity, good academic development and a high level of academic and job satisfaction.

Resumo: Introdução: a formação de especialistas em pediatria nos Centros de Formação Associados (ATC) credenciados pela Faculdade de Medicina no Departamento do Pós-Graduação contribui para o processo de formação descentralizada e melhoria contínua da qualidade do atendimento da saúde. Objetivo: descrever características, evolução dos conteúdos programáticos e nível de satisfação dos residentes deste ATC entre 2009 e 2019. Materiais e métodos: variáveis: idade, procedência, estado civil, número de filhos, doenças crônicas, atividades profissionais, número de cursos aprovados, trabalhos obrigatórios, provas finais, trabalhos de pesquisa submetidos a congressos, publicações, período de residência, subespecialidades. As características e o progresso acadêmico foram obtidos dos arquivos. O nível de satisfação foi obtido a partir de uma pesquisa online voluntária anônima. Resultados: 24 residentes foram incluídos neste período. 17 haviam concluído os cursos curriculares, 15 haviam-se graduado, idade mediana de início da residência: 27 anos, 5 eram do interior do país, 15 tinham uniões estáveis, 9 tinham filhos e 9 ocupavam cargos de tempo integral na instituição. Em relação aos atuais 7 residentes, a mediana de idade no início da residência: 26 anos, todos de Montevidéu, 5 têm uniões estáveis, 1 tem filhos e 6 realizam atividades extracurriculares. Mais de 70% de todas as respostas avaliadas mostraram um alto nível de satisfação. Conclusões: a experiência dos últimos 10 anos foi positiva. Permitiu à organização gerar recursos humanos genuínos e altamente comprometidos com identidade institucional, bom desenvolvimento acadêmico e alto nível de satisfação acadêmica e profissional.

Focused critical care echocardiography: training for pediatricians and pediatric intensivists in an intensive care unit / Ecocardiografia dirigida al paciente crítico: un entrenamiento para pediatras e intensivistas pediatras en una unidad de cuidado intensivo pediátrico

Abstract Introduction: Focused critical care echocardiography (FCCE) has become a necessary competency for physicians working in pediatric intensive care units. Objective: To asses a theoretical and practical training program designed to explore skills acquisition for obtaining views and some echocardiographic measurements suggested for FCCE. Materials and methods: A 26-hour long theoretical and practical training for pediatricians and pediatric intensivists under the guidance of a pediatric cardiologist. The program included qualitative analysis of the variables pertaining to basic echocardiographic windows, and quantitative analysis of FCCE. Results: There were significant differences between having prior echocardiography knowledge, associated with a higher score in the 4-chamber apical window (mean: 9.0; standard deviation [SD]: 1.02; P = 0.021), and better correlation with the pediatric cardiologist regarding left ventricular function measurements (mean: 92.02; SD: 6.3; P = 0.036). Conclusion: The program was useful for basic level training in FCCE with an optimal level of acquisition of the main echocardiographic windows and some echocardiographic measurements.

Resumen Introducción: La ecocardiografía, enfocada al cuidado crítico, se ha convertido hoy en día en una competencia necesaria del médico que labora en las unidades de cuidado intensivo pediátrico. Objetivo: Evaluar un programa de entrenamiento te6rico y práctico, diseñado para explorar la adquisición de habilidades en la obtención de imágenes y algunas medidas ecocardiográficas sugeridas para la ecocardiografía enfocada al cuidado crítico. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un entrenamiento teórico-práctico, de 26 horas de duración, por médicos pediatras y pediatras intensivistas, bajo la tutoría de un cardiólogo pediatra. El programa incluyó análisis cualitativos de las variables pertenecientes a las ventanas básicas y cuantitativos de la ecocardiografía enfocada al cuidado crítico. Resultados: Las diferencias significativas se presentaron entre tener conocimientos previos en ecocardiografía, que se asoció a un mejor puntaje en la ventana apical cuatro cámaras (media: 9,0 DE: 1,02 P = 0,021), y mejor correlación con el cardiólogo pediatra en la medición de la funcionalidad del ventrículo izquierdo (media:92,2 DE:6,3 P = 0,036). Conclusiones: Este programa de entrenamiento fue útil para el entrenamiento en nivel básico de la ecocardiografía enfocada al cuidado crítico, con un nivel óptimo en la adquisición de las principales ventanas ecocardiográficas, y para la toma de algunas medidas ecocardiográficas.